feat(version): add stale binary detection with startup warning

Add detection for when the installed gt binary is out of date with the
source repository. This helps catch issues where commands fail mysteriously
because the installed binary doesn't have recent fixes.

Changes:
- Add internal/version package with stale binary detection logic
- Add startup warning in PersistentPreRunE when binary is stale
- Add gt doctor check for stale-binary
- Use prefix matching for commit comparison (handles short vs full hash)

The warning is non-blocking and only shows once per shell session via
the GT_STALE_WARNED environment variable.

Resolves: gt-ud912

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

internal/cmd/doctor.go

@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ Town root protection:
   - pre-checkout-hook        Verify pre-checkout hook prevents branch switches (fixable)
 
 Infrastructure checks:
+  - stale-binary             Check if gt binary is up to date with repo
   - daemon                   Check if daemon is running (fixable)
   - repo-fingerprint         Check database has valid repo fingerprint (fixable)
   - boot-health              Check Boot watchdog health (vet mode)
@@ -116,6 +117,7 @@ func runDoctor(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	d.Register(doctor.NewGlobalStateCheck())
 
 	// Register built-in checks
+	d.Register(doctor.NewStaleBinaryCheck())
 	d.Register(doctor.NewTownGitCheck())
 	d.Register(doctor.NewTownRootBranchCheck())
 	d.Register(doctor.NewPreCheckoutHookCheck())