docs: Extend escalation protocol with tiered routing and categories
- Add escalation categories (decision, help, blocked, failed, emergency, gate_timeout, lifecycle)
- Document tiered routing flow (Deacon -> Mayor -> Overseer)
- Add decision pattern for structured async communication
- Document integration points for gates, witness, and refinery
- Define implementation phases
Closes: bd-0sgd
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Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
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